Programming Languages Catalog
A comprehensive collection of major programming languages with their features, use cases, and learning resources.
No | Language | Features | Trend | Official Page | TIOBE | PYPL | GitHub | RedMonk | IEEE Spectrum | JetBrains |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Python | A general-purpose programming language with simple and readable syntax. Widely used in data analysis, machine learning, web development, and automation. | Rapidly growing due to AI/ML boom. Continues as the most popular language in 2025. | Python Official Site | 1 | 1 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 2 |
2 | JavaScript | The standard programming language for web development. Used for creating dynamic content in browsers and server-side development with Node.js. | Maintains stable popularity as essential language for web development. Widely used from frontend to backend. | JavaScript Official Site | 6 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 1 |
3 | Java | Object-oriented programming language with 'write once, run anywhere' philosophy. Widely used in enterprise development and Android app development. | Maintains stable position as core language for enterprise systems. Continues to be used in Android app development. | Java Official Site | 4 | 2 | 8 | 3 | 2 | 5 |
4 | CSS | Stylesheet language for defining the style and layout of web pages. Used with HTML to control the appearance of websites. | Continuous demand as essential technology for web development. New approaches like CSS-in-JS and Tailwind are emerging. | CSS Official Site | - | - | 3 | 7 | - | 3 |
5 | HTML | Markup language for describing the structure and content of web pages. Fundamental technology for all websites. | Indispensable as foundational technology for web development. Enhanced expressiveness with HTML5 features. | HTML Official Site | - | - | 1 | - | 10 | 3 |
6 | C++ | Object-oriented programming language that extends C. Used in high-performance system development and game development. | Continuous demand in high-performance computing and system programming. Development efficiency improved with modern C++ features. | C++ Official Site | 2 | 4 | 9 | 7 | 4 | 8 |
7 | C# | Object-oriented programming language developed by Microsoft. Used with .NET Framework for Windows/Web/game development. | Stable popularity in Microsoft ecosystem development. Cross-platform support advancing with .NET Core. | C# Official Site | 5 | 5 | 15 | 5 | 7 | 9 |
8 | C | Procedural programming language fundamental to system programming. Used for OS, embedded systems, and high-performance application development. | Continuously important in system programming and embedded development. Maintains influence as foundation for many languages. | C Official Site | 3 | 4 | 10 | 10 | 9 | 10 |
9 | Shell | Scripting language for command-line operations and automation scripts on Unix-like OS. Important for system administration and CI/CD. | Increasing demand due to DevOps and cloud environment adoption. Used as basic tool for automation scripts. | - | - | - | 5 | 14 | 14 | 7 |
10 | PHP | Server-side scripting language specialized for web development. Widely used in CMS like WordPress and web application development. | Stable demand due to long track record in web development. Development efficiency improved with modern frameworks like Laravel. | PHP Official Site | 15 | 7 | 14 | 4 | 13 | 12 |
11 | TypeScript | Programming language developed by Microsoft that adds static typing to JavaScript. Used for large-scale JavaScript application development. | Rapidly spreading as language that enhances JavaScript type safety. Increasing adoption in React, Angular, and Node.js projects. | TypeScript Official Site | 37 | 9 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 6 |
12 | Go | Simple and high-performance programming language developed by Google. Popular for microservices, cloud applications, and DevOps tool development. | Growing due to cloud-native development and microservices architecture adoption. Used in important tools like Docker and Kubernetes. | Go Official Site | 7 | 12 | 20 | 12 | 8 | 11 |
13 | Rust | Systems programming language that combines memory safety with high performance. Gaining attention as C/C++ alternative and used in WebAssembly development. | Growing due to interest in memory safety in systems programming. Beginning to be adopted in Linux kernel development. | Rust Official Site | 18 | 8 | 25 | 19 | 11 | 14 |
14 | Kotlin | Programming language developed by JetBrains that runs on JVM. Officially adopted as Java alternative for Android app development and used in server-side development. | Rapid growth due to official language status for Android app development. Migration from Java projects advancing due to Java interoperability. | Kotlin Official Site | 23 | 13 | 19 | 14 | 17 | 13 |
15 | R | Programming language specialized for statistical computing and data analysis. Widely used in data science, machine learning, and statistical modeling. | Stable popularity due to demand in data science field. Competes with Python but maintains specialization in statistics. | R Official Site | 14 | 6 | 34 | 12 | 20 | - |
16 | Ruby | Object-oriented scripting language developed in Japan. Gained popularity in web development through Ruby on Rails framework. | Gained significant popularity for rapid web development with Ruby on Rails. Currently in stable period but community remains active. | Ruby Official Site | 24 | 17 | 18 | 9 | 18 | 18 |
17 | Swift | Modern programming language developed by Apple for iOS/macOS app development. Designed as successor to Objective-C with emphasis on safety and performance. | Established as standard language for iOS app development. UI development efficiency improved with Swift UI introduction. | Swift Official Site | 25 | 11 | 22 | 11 | 21 | 16 |
18 | Visual Basic | Event-driven programming language developed by Microsoft. Widely used for Windows GUI application development. | Mainly used in legacy systems. Trend toward migration to successor languages like C# for new development. | Visual Basic Official Site | 8 | 24 | - | - | 28 | - |
19 | Dart | Programming language developed by Google. Used with Flutter framework for cross-platform mobile app development. | Growing in mobile app development due to Flutter adoption. Enables both iOS/Android support with single codebase. | Dart Official Site | 28 | 16 | 27 | 19 | 19 | 15 |
20 | Lua | Lightweight and fast embedded scripting language. Used in game development, embedded systems, and configuration scripts. | Stable demand as embedded script in gaming industry. Increasing use in IoT devices leveraging its lightweight nature. | Lua Official Site | 30 | 19 | 26 | - | 15 | 17 |
21 | Objective-C | Language that adds Smalltalk-style object-oriented features to C. Long used for iOS/macOS app development but migrating to Swift. | New adoption decreasing due to Swift introduction. Demand mainly for maintaining existing projects. | Objective-C Official Site | 34 | 10 | 21 | 17 | 27 | 20 |
22 | Perl | Dynamic programming language strong in text processing. Used in system administration, web development, and bioinformatics. | New adoption declining but demand continues in existing systems. Maintains specialization in regex and string processing. | Perl Official Site | 13 | 29 | 33 | - | 25 | - |
23 | PowerShell | Object-oriented command-line shell and scripting language developed by Microsoft. Used for system administration on Windows/Linux/macOS. | Expanding use on Linux/macOS due to cross-platform support. Increasing demand in DevOps and cloud management. | PowerShell Official Site | 44 | 18 | 23 | 18 | - | - |
24 | MATLAB | Programming environment for numerical computing and data visualization developed by MathWorks. Widely used in engineering, science, and finance. | Stable position as specialized tool in academic research and engineering. Competes with Python but maintains strengths in specific fields. | MATLAB Official Site | 17 | 14 | 51 | - | 24 | - |
25 | Assembly | Low-level programming language closest to machine code. Used in embedded systems, OS development, and scenarios requiring advanced optimization. | Continues demand for specialized uses. Maintains certain needs due to IoT and embedded systems proliferation. | - | 19 | - | 29 | - | 33 | - |
26 | Scala | JVM language that combines functional programming with object-oriented programming. Used in big data processing and distributed systems development. | Certain demand due to adoption in big data field with Apache Spark etc. High learning cost is challenge for widespread adoption. | Scala Official Site | 31 | 22 | 70 | 14 | 22 | 19 |
27 | Groovy | Dynamic programming language that runs on Java Virtual Machine. Used in Gradle build tool and test automation. | Familiar to Android developers due to Gradle adoption. Stable demand as scripting language. | Groovy Official Site | - | 27 | 61 | - | 26 | - |
28 | Solidity | Specialized programming language for developing smart contracts on the Ethereum blockchain. | Increasing demand alongside cryptocurrency and blockchain industry growth. Essential skill for DeFi and NFT projects. | Solidity Official Site | 41 | - | 53 | - | 23 | - |
29 | Julia | High-performance programming language specialized for scientific and numerical computing. Developed to achieve Python-like simplicity with C-like speed. | Gaining attention as Python/R alternative in scientific computing. Increasing adoption in machine learning and numerical simulation fields. | Julia Official Site | 33 | 23 | 78 | - | 32 | - |
30 | Haskell | Pure functional programming language. Emphasizes mathematical beauty and theoretical rigor, used in academic research and high-reliability system development. | Demand for learning functional programming paradigm and research purposes. Commercial use limited but core community exists. | Haskell Official Site | 29 | 28 | 75 | - | - | - |
Data Sources
- TIOBE Index - TIOBE
- PYPL PopularitY of Programming Language
- Programming languages - GitHub Innovation Graph
- RedMonk Programming Language Rankings
- Top Programming Languages 2024
- Software Developers Statistics 2024 - State of Developer Ecosystem Report | JetBrains: Developer Tools for Professionals and Teams